THE MEDIEVAL HISTORY OF ISLAMIC SCIENCE-TECH
In the name of God, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.
The Islamic Research for Reviving of Science & Technology Center
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THE MEDIEVAL HISTORY OF ISLAMIC SCIENCE-TECH
-Muhammad Sheikh Ramzan Hossain
. بِسْمِ اللهِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِيْم
.شَهِدَ اللَّهُ أَنَّهُ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا هُوَ وَالْمَلَائِكَةُ وَأُولُو الْعِلْمِ قَائِمًا بِالْقِسْطِ ۚ لَا إِلَٰهَ إِلَّا
● هُوَ الْعَزِيزُ الْحَكِيمُ
●Shahidallahu Annahu Laa ilaaha illaa hua Wal Malaaikatu Wa oolul ‘ilmi Qoymam Bil Qistoi, laa ilaaha illa hual ‘Azhizhul Hakeem. (Al Quraan: Surah Ale Imran: Ayat: 18-19)
سُبْحَانَكَ لاَ عِلْمَ لَنَا إِلاَّ مَا عَلَّمْتَنَا إِنَّكَ أَنتَ الْعَلِيمُ الْحَكِيمُ
● Subhanaka laa 'ilma lanaa 'illa maa 'allamtanaa 'innaka 'antal-'Alimul
Hakeem: (Al Baqarah: Ayat: 32)
●Wakanallahu Sameea’n ‘Aleemaa(Surah An Nisa: Ayat:148)
●Wakanallahu Sameea’n ‘Aleemaa(Surah An Nisa: Ayat:148)
●Ya’lamu Maa Byna Idihim Wamaa Kholfahum (Surah Al Baqorah-Ayat-ul-
Kurshi, Ayat: 255)
Alam Tara Annalla-ha Ya’lamu Maa Fis Samaawaati Wamaa fil Ardo.
(Surah Muzadalah:Ayat: 07)
●A’limul goibi wash shadati huar rahmaanur Raheem. (Surah Al Hashar:Ayat:22)
●Wahual azhizhul Hakeem. (Surah Al Hasar, Ayat:24).
Indeed, Allah, almighty is الْعَلِيمُ “*A’leem as well as الْحَكِيمُ “*Hakeem” and “A’leem” & “Hakeem” are 2 of 99 “Asmaus Shifaats” i.e., “Asmaul Husnaa of “Alla-h Robbul A’lameen.”
الْعَلِيمُ (‘Aleem)
Generally ﻋﻠﻴﻢ (‘Aleem) means a scholar recognized as an expert in Islamic law and theology.
Origin
Mid 19th century; earliest use found in Edward Lane (1801–1876), Orientalist. Partly from Arabic ʿā’leem scholar, (specifically) expert in Islamic law and theology, use as noun of the active participle of ʿa’lima to know, and partly from Arabic ʿa’leem knowing, learned. (Source: website)
The Arabic word 'Aleem,' comes from the root word ﻋﻠﻢ=ﻉ+ﻞ+ﻡ‘Ayn-Laam-Meem' which means to know, knowledge, science etc. (Source: ditto)
الْحَكِيمُ Al Hakeem
Word Origin
Noun, (esp. in Muslim countries), Wise or Learned.
Word Origin and History for Hakeem Expand
Arabic hakeem "wise," from stemof hakuma "he was wise;" whence also hakam "
judge," hikmah "wisdom, science." (Source: Website)
The common Dictionary meaning of “.ﺤﻜﻴﻡ”.(Hakeem) is “Wisdom” and the word ofWisdom’s common means are Knowledge, Perception, Astuteness, Intelligence, Acumen, Good judgment, Penetration, Judiciousness, Prudence and Suitability etc. On the other hand the common Dictionary meaning of ﻋﻠﻴﻢ (‘Aleem) is “Knowledge” and ‘Knowledge’ means Information, Science & Technology etc., and “Science” means Knowledge, talent, genius, brilliance, intelligence, intellect, outstanding ability, mastermind, whiz kid, brains etc., and Technology means Expertise, Know-how, Equipment, Machinery, apparatus, paraphernalia etc. But the meaning of “Hakeem” as well as “A’leem” in the ‘Holy Islam’ are very extensive/widespread, those are not explainable for limited human’s ‘Knowledge’ & Wisdom’ But the meaning of Wisdom and knowledge for almighty Alla-h are merely ‘Kudarat-e-ilaahia” i.e., keen miracle only!!!
The Holy Quraan is also “Hakeem”
“Yaaseen, Wal Quraanil Hakeem.” (Surah Al Yaaseen, Ayat: 01).
Verily, the Holy Quraan is also “Hakeem” i.e., “Wahee” based “Kitabullah”.
Indeed, Alla-h, “A’limul Goibi Wash Shadah” and “Ahkamul Hakeemin”,Who descended Quraanil Hakeem.
“The legislation of Quran will spread all over the world, because it agrees with the mind, logic and wisdom.” – Leo Tolstoy.
Hazarat Idris ‘Alyhis Salaam: the founder of Islamic Science & Education.
Idrīs (Arabic: إدريس) is an ancient prophet and patriarch mentioned in the Qur'an, whom Muslims believe was the third prophet after Adamand Seth.[5]Islamic tradition has unanimously identified Idris with the biblical Enoch,[6][7] although many Muslim scholars of the classical andmedieval periods also held that Idris and Hermes Trismegistus were the same person.(wikipedia/w.site)
Several of the classical commentators on the Qur'an, such as Al-Baizawi, said he was "called Idris from the Arabic dars, meaning "to instruct," from his knowledge of divine mysteries.(ditto)
The name "Idris", إدريس, has been described as perhaps having the origin of meaning "interpreter."[19] Traditionally, Islam holds the prophet as having functioned an interpretive and mystical role and therefore this meaning garnered a general acceptance (ditto).
The World Stands on Knowledge, Science & Technology
What is Knowledge?
Knowledge
“Knowledge is a familiarity, awareness or understanding of someone or something, such as facts, information, descriptions, or skills, which is acquired through experience or education by perceiving, discovering, or learning”. (Source: Wikipedia)
“Knowledge can refer to a theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less formal or systematic”. (Ditto)
Definition:
Plato: “The classical definition, described by Plato, specifies that a statement must meet three criteria in order to be considered knowledge: it must be justified, true, and believed”.(Ditto)
What is Science?
Science:
· Science (from Latin scientia, meaning "knowledge") is a systematic enterprise that builds and organizes knowledge in the form of testable explanations and predictions about the universe. (Wikipedia)
The brief History of Science & Technology
“The earliest roots of science can be traced to the works of Ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians, whose contributions entered and shaped Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, knowledge of Greek science deteriorated in Western Europe during the Middle Ages[5] but flourished in the Islamic Golden Age.[6]
Modern science is typically divided into three major branches that consist of the natural sciences (e.g. biology, chemistry, physics), which study nature in the broadest sense; the social sciences (e.g. psychology, sociology, economics), which study individuals and societies; and the formal sciences (e.g. mathematics, logic, theoretical computer science), which study abstract concepts”. (Wikipedia)
Research of Science
“Science is related to research and is commonly organized by academic and research institutions as well as government agencies and companies. The practical impact of scientific research has led to the emergence of science policies that seek to influence the scientific enterprise by prioritizing the development of commercial products, armaments, health care, and environmental protection”. (Ditto)
What is Technology?
The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes is called “Technology”. It is the branch of knowledge dealing with applied sciences.
“Technology ("science of craft", from Greek τέχνη, techne, "art, skill, cunning of hand"; and -λογία, -logia) is first robustly defined by Jacob Bigelow in 1829 as: "...principles, processes, and nomenclatures of the more conspicuous arts, particularly those which involve applications of science, and which may be considered useful, by promoting the benefit of society, together with the emolument [compensation] of those who pursue them."
A Brief Description of Contribution of Muslim in
Science & Technology
“The Arabs laid the foundation of those methods of experimental research, which in conjunction with mathematical analysis gave birth of modern Science”. (Robert Briffault)
“The contribution of Mohamadans (Muslims) as transmitter of knowledge from ancient to modern European civilization must not be underrated”. (Bertrand Russell: The History of Western Philosophy :).
“We got civilization from the Muslims and they got from Quran” (Ex-President Dwight Eisenhower: emotional commented on the eve of inaugurate a Mosque of Islamic Centre, Washington DC, USA.)
*On June 28th, 1957, President Dwight Eisenhower addressed a crowd of American and Muslim diplomats gathered at the Islamic Center of Washington’s inauguration. Speaking from under marble columns and turquoise floral tiles he declared that the United States held a “strong bond of friendship with the Islamic nations” and called for the “peaceful progress of all men under one God.” Capitalizing on Eisenhower’s visit to the Islamic Center, the State Department began broadcasting and distributing printed copies of the president’s remarks throughout countries with significant Muslim populations.
“Science without religion is lame and religion without science is blind”. (Albert Einstein)
Verily, the Holy “Islam” is never blind/sightlessness or not merely customized religion but as a “Complete Code of Human Life” it is also “Science & Technology based religion” by the grace of Alla-h, almighty.
Since, one upon time the Muslim scholars used to treat the “Master of Science” (especially “Master of Mathematics”) of Europe in non-Muslim world and since the European Science & Technology were transferred in America during the British ruled, those were spread in world-wide that’s because it can easily say that we, the “Muslim Ummah” were “Former Scientist Nation” of the world (Subbayha-nalla-hi Wabihamdihi Subbayha-nalla-hil ‘Azeem).
There are some important inventions are quoted below for kind perusal:
There are some important inventions are quoted below for kind perusal:
1. University: The first university of the world was initiated in ‘Gar-e-
Hira’, ‘Jabal-e-Noor’ to ‘Darool Arkam’ (Al Mocca Muazzima>’Ashab-e-Suffa’ (Al Madina Munwara>Baitul Hikmah (Bagdad-Iraq)>Alhamra (Granada, Cordoba, Muslim ruled Spain) >*Karuyin University, Fez, Morocco. Karuyin University: K. University is called the first formal Modern University of the world, established in 859 (Easa Saal) by Princes Fatima Al Firhi, Fez, Morocco. Since Nearly 1200 years the said University is being spread knowledge in the world till today.
ii. Hospital: The first formal ‘Modern Hospital’ of the world perhaps in 1000 Easa Saal was founded by world renewed surgery expert Al Jayrawari, inventor of Forceps and writer of 1500 paged book on ‘Medicine’, which is a model of European Surgical treatments and first modern ‘Surgical Operation’ initiator too.
iii. Mathematics: The Muslims were called the “Master of Math of Europe”. Abu Abdulla-h Muhammad Ibn Moosaa Alkhawarizom (*Algorithm) is the formally initiator of Modern Mathematics. In the 7th century he wrote “Al Jabar Wal Mukabala”, the name of ‘Aljebra’is basically comes from the said book. He is also inventor of English Numerals i.e., 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 & 9, which are called *Arabic Numerals (sources: Oxford/Quick Dictionary) “instead of Roman numerals I II III IV V IV, IIV, IIIV & IX and proper user of Zero (0),that invented in India sub-continental. However, mathematics is called “Fuel of Science”, that is radical change the world. Especially, the IT revaluation has already been done with using Arabic numerals i.e. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 & 9 and proper use of Zero in “Mobile/Cell as well as “Computer” technologies.
Though, we admire all outputs of a computer with ‘Monitor’ but Monitor is only a cover but it is governed with “Centre Proccessing Unit” (CPU), that is governed with “Mathematical Unit”, which is governed with “Binary Code” and Binary code means “0 (zero) & 1 (one)”.
Europe would be gone ahead in technologically before one century if the Arabic numerals invent hundred years ago (Source: A special feature issued in an influential Magazine of Britain on the eve of celebration “London Islam festival-1980” on new hijra-1400.
The Muslim Scientist’s Basic Role in Computer Science.
-Sheikh Muhammad Ramzan Hossain.
What is Computer?
Computer: The word of “Computer” comes from the word of ‘Compute’ i.e., counting, accounting etc. “Computer” is a one name of modern count Scientific and technological Instrument.
What is Computer Science?
Computer Science: “Computer Science is the study of the theory, experimentation and engineering that form the basis for the design and use of computers. It is the scientific and practical approach to computation and its applications and the systematic study of the feasibility, structure, expression, and mechanization of the methodical procedures (or *algorithms) that underlie the acquisition, representation, processing, storage, communication of, and access to information. An alternate, more succinct definition of computer science is the study of automating algorithmic processes that scale. A computer scientist specializes in the theory of computation and the design of computational systems. Mr. Barrage is called founder of ‘Computer Science’ for initiating digital counting system in Computer”. (Source: Wikipedia/Website)
What is CPU?
C.P.U’s full name is “Central Processing Unit. “CPU is the part of a computer system that is commonly referred to as the "brains" of a computer. The CPU is also known as the processor or microprocessor. The CPU is responsible for executing a sequence of stored instructions called a program”.
(Source: BBC- GCSE Bitesize: Central Processing Unit)
What is arithmetic/Mathematics?
Definitions:
● Mathematics is the classification and study of all possible patterns.[11] Walter Warwick Sawyer, 1955
● Mathematics is “Fuel of Science.” [What is Mathematics and why: 1st Edition, 1999, bySheikh Muhammad Abu Taher, Bsc. (honors), Msc. (Mathe) Chittagong University,
Bangladesh].
Dictionary Definitions:
Oxford English Dictionary,1933: The abstract science which investigates deductively the conclusions implicit in the elementary conceptions of spatial and numerical relations, and which includes as its main divisions geometry, arithmetic, and algebra.
American Heritage Dictionary,2000: The study of the measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities and sets, using numbers and symbols.
Encyclopædia Britannica,2006: The science of structure, order, and relation that has evolved from elemental practices of counting, measuring, and describing the shapes of objects.[12]
The Importance of Mathematics
“The discipline of mathematics now covers-in addition to the more or less standard fields of number theory, algebra, geometry, analysis (calculus), mathematical logic and set theory, and more applied mathematics such as probability theory and statistics - a bewildering array of specialized areas and fields of study, including group theory, order theory, knot theory, sheaf theory, topology, differential geometry, fractal geometry, graph theory, functional analysis, complex analysis, singularity theory, catastrophe theory, chaos theory, measure theory, model theory, category theory, control theory, game theory, complexity theory and many more”. (Source: Web)
“Mathematics may be defined as “the study of relationships among quantities, magnitudes and properties, and also of the logical operations by which unknown quantities, magnitudes, and properties may be deduced” (Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia) or "the study of quantity, structure, space and change" (Wikipedia).
What is Binary Code?
The word of “Binary” comes from the root word “Bi” means bilateral i.e. two(0 & 1) based number. ‘Digital world’ are based on “Binary encode”.
“A bit string, interpreted as a binary number, can be translated into a decimal number. For example, the lower case a, if represented by the bit string 01100001 (as it is in the standard ASCII code), can also be represented as the decimal number 97”. (Aforesaid)
“The modern binary number system, the basis for binary code, was invented by Gottfried Leibniz in 1679 and appears in his article Explication del' Arithmétique Binaire. The full title is translated into English as the "Explanation of the binary arithmetic", which uses only the characters 1 and 0, with some remarks on its usefulness, and on the light it throws on the ancient Chinese figures of Fu Xi (1703). Leibniz's system uses 0 and 1, like the modern binary numeral system. Leibniz encountered the I Ching through French Jesuit Joachim Bouvet and noted with fascination how its hexagramscorrespond to the binary numbers from 0 to 111111 and concluded that this mapping was evidence of major Chinese accomplishments in the sort of philosophical mathematics he admired.[2][3] Leibniz saw the hexagrams as an affirmation of the universality of his own religious belief”.[3] (Source: https//wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_code)
"In computing and telecommunications sector, binary codes are used for various methods of encoding data, such as character strings, into bit strings. Those methods may use fixed-width or variable-width strings. In a fixed-width binary code, each letter, digit, or other character is represented by a bit string of the same length; that bit string, interpreted as a binary number, is usually displayed in code tables in octal, decimal or hexadecimal notation. There are many character sets and many character encodings for them. A binary code represents text, computer processor instructions, or other data using any two-symbol system, but often the binary number system's 0 and 1. The binary code assigns a pattern of binary digits (bits) to each character, instruction, etc. For example, a binary string of eight bits can represent any of 256 possible values and can therefore represent a variety of different items"(Source: Web/Wikipedia).
It is too much easiness to quick express a large figure using only 0 (zero) with Arabic numeral 1(one). For example, Ten: 1+0=10; Hundred: 1+00=100; Thousand: 1+000=1000; Million: 1+000000=1000000; Billion (million millions in GB) 1+0000000000000=10000000000000; Billion (one thousand millions in US) =10000000000; Trillion (GB): 1+0000000000000000000=10000000000000000000; Trillion (US):1+0000000000=10000000000.
Noted that "A (a)" the first consonant of English alphabet is represented in Binary Code: "1100001" as a bit string (which is 97 in decimal).
“Computer” does not know/understand any alphabet of English, Arabic, Urdu, Farsi, Hindi, Bengali etc., except Binary Code 0 & 1 i.e., English/Arabic/Urdu/Bengali/Hindi/Farsi etc., all sorts of languages are being expressed in Binary Code 0 & 1, just like the following examples:
i) 001010101010011010110
ii) 01101011001010
iii) 10110101110110110
(Source: Computer & Information Technology, Bangladesh)
What is Algorithm?
“Some words reflect the importance of al-Khwārizmī's contributions to mathematics. "Algebra" is derived from al-jabr, one of the two operations he used to solve quadratic equations. Algorism and algorithm stem from Algoritmi, the Latin form of his name.[8] His name is also the origin of (Spanish) guarismo[9] and of (Portuguese) algarismo, both meaning digit”. (Source: Web.)
Search Algorithm
Neural Machine Translation System (NMT)
Search Algorithm: For Post Translate, was being used to “Phrase based Translation System” and the said translating system, perform with word by word translate; not sentence-wise translation then counting feasibility and expressing meaning with Search Algorithm. The proposed translate is to be done with artificial intellectual directed Neural Machine Translation System (NMT)”.
What is Digital?
The current era is called “Digital Era”.
The word of “Digital” comes from the word of “Digit” means any one figure 1 (one) to 9 (nine) of Arabic Numerals with 0 (zero).
(Of signals or data) expressed as series of the digits 0 and 1, typically represented by values of a physical quantity such as voltage or magnetic polarization.
“Describes any system based on discontinuous data or events. Computers Are digital machines because at their most basic level they can distinguish between just two values, 0 and 1, or off and on. There is no simple way to represent all the values in between, such as 0.25. All data that a computer processes must be encoded digitally, as a series of zeroes (0) and ones (1).” (Source: Web.)
A Short History for Contributing on Inventing Arabic Numerals by the Muslim Mathematician:
Contributions
A page from al-Khwārizmī's Algebra
“Al-Khwārizmī's contributions to mathematics, geography, astronomy, and cartography established the basis for innovation in algebra and trigonometry. His systematic approach to solving linear and quadratic equations led to algebra, a word derived from the title of his 830 book on the subject, "The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing".
Some of his work was based on Persian and Babylonian astronomy, Indian numbers, and Greek mathematics.
Al-Khwārizmī systematized and corrected Ptolemy's data for Africa and the Middle East. Another major book was Kitab surat al-ard ("The Image of the Earth"; translated as Geography), presenting the coordinates of places based on those in the Geography of Ptolemy but with improved values for the Mediterranean Sea, Asia, and Africa.[citation needed]
He assisted a project to determine the circumference of the Earth and in making a world map for al-Ma'mun, the caliph, overseeing 70 geographers.[15]
When, in the 12th century, his works spread to Europe through Latin translations, it had a profound impact on the advance of mathematics in Europe.[citation needed]
Binary numerals were central to Leibniz's theology. Gottfried Leibnizbelieved that binary numbers were symbolic of the Christian idea of creatio ex nihilo or creation out of nothing”
(Source: (i) https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki)input.
(ii) https:ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algorithm#cite_note-5.
Muhamma Musa Al Khawrithm, a world reputed Muslim Mathematician; Bagdad, Iraq is called him in Europe Algorithm. The word of “Logarithm” comes from Algorithm, an important portion of a computer, made by John Napier which is an important Circuit of Microchip and Device’s name of computer that is used for critical accounting.
“Circuit of Microchip is helped to change the world picture”, addressed by Dr. Mahathir Muhammad, Ex Prime Minister of Malaysia in an International Islamic Forum in Kualalampore: (Source: The Magazine, published by Rabat-e-Al Alam Al Islam, KSA.)
*Arabic numeral: Commonly we know that the numerals respectively ١ ٢ ٣ ۴ ۵ ۶ ۷ ۸ ۹are “Arabic Numerals” and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 are “English Numerals”. But in modern Mathematical Science, practically the Arabic numerals is called 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 (may be seen all international dictionaries, namely Oxford, Quick Dictionary etc.). It is verily questionable matter that why not calls 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 & 9 as ‘English Numeral’ but ‘Arabic numerals’?
Experiment: Arabic Numeral: 1=١, 2=٢, 3=٣, 6=۶, 9=۹. We do think that the numerals of1, 2, 3, 6 & 9 are merely alteration of motion of Arabic numerals ١, ٢, ٣, ۶, ۹ respectively and the personal basic invention of Musa Al Khawarithm are only 4, 5, 6, 7 & 8.
*Roman Numeral: The analog numerals of the mathematic is I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX & X are called ‘Roman numeral’ in lieu of digital (from 0 & 1 to 9 numeral is called digital)Arabic Numeral.
For example,’ I’ is the Ninth Number Alphabet of English Grammar, which is represented ‘One’ (1) in Roman Numeral. For example: I means =1, II means =2, III=3, IV=4, V=5, VI=6, VII=7, VIII=8, IX=9, X means =10(Ten) , “L” means =50(Fifty), “C” means=100 (Hundred), “D”=500 (Five Hundred) , “M”=1000 (One thousand) .
However, we do think that there is basic/root figure in the Arithmetic side is only “1” (One) and its assistant is “0” (Zero) for extending large figure. For the following example is:
1+1=2+1=3+1=4+1=5+1=6+1=7+1=8+1=9 i.e.
1+1=2
1+1+1=3
1+1+1+1=4
1+1+1+1+1=5
1+1+1+1+1+1=6
1+1+1+1+1+1+1=7
1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1=8
1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1+1=9 i.e. 2(Two) to 9(Nine) all mathematical symbols are the Collective of 1(one) only.
As a matter of fact of above “Arabic Numerals” naming is due to religious racing name of inventor in lieu of “English Numeral” was an Arabian, named Musa Al Khwarizmi, western name a great Muslim mathematician of the world.
Several Numerals of the World:
There are following several kinds of world Numerals:
1. Arabic Numerals:
There are two kinds of Arabic Numerals:
(Called Eastern Arabic numerals, used in the Middle East)
ii. International Arabic Numerals: (We know as English Numerals): 1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9 with 0 (zero).
(sources: Oxford, Quick etc., Dictionaries)
(ii) Hindu(Indian-Devanagari) numerals:
०.१.२.३.४.५.६.७.८.९.
(search:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_numerals#cite_note-ifrah-13)
(iii) Roman Numerals: I-II-III-IV-V-VI-VII-VIII-IX-X
How to make International Arabic Numerals?
Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm:
Founder of Computer Science.
Founder of Computer Science.
Muhammad Ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm: The Great Successful user of Binary encoding system.Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī (Persian: محمد بن موسی خوارزمی, Arabic: محمد بن موسى الخوارزمی; c. 780 –. 850), formerly Latinized as Algoritmi,[note 2] was a Persian[3][4] (modern Khiva, Uzbekistan) mathematician, astronomer, and geographer during the Abbasid Caliphate, a scholar in the House of Wisdom in Baghdad. (Source: Wikipedia/web)
“In mathematics and computer science, an algorithm (/ˈælɡərɪðəm/ ( listen) AL-gə-ri-dhəm) is a self-contained sequence of actions to be performed. Algorithms can perform calculation, data processing and automated reasoning tasks. (Source: Ditto)
How to invent the Arabic Numerals by Musa Al Khwarizmi?
It is noticeable that the following several figures of “Called Arabic numerals” (1 to 9) are just duplicated of “Original Arabic Numerals” (١ to ۹):
Experiment: Arabic numerals: 1=١, 2=٢, 3=٣, 6=۶, And 9=۹. We do think that the numerals of1, 2, 3, 6 & 9 are merely alteration of motion of Arabic numerals ١, ٢, ٣, ۶, ۹ respectively and the personal basic invention of Musa Al Khwarizmi are 4, 5, 7 & 8.
*Roman numeral: The analog numeral of the mathematic I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX & X are called ‘Roman numeral’ in lieu of digital (from 0 & 1 to 9 numeral is called digital) Arabic numeral.
‘I’ is the Ninth Number Alphabet of English Grammar, which is represented ‘One’ (1) in Roman numeral. For example: I=1, II=2, III=3, IV=4, V=5, VI=6, VII=7, VIII=8, IX=9, X=10, L=50, C=100, D=500, M=1000.
We know that the previous “International Numeral” was Roman numeral i.e.I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII, IX & X. It may be noted that an especial feature of an influential Magazine, issued in U.K, on the occasion of “London Islam Festival-1980”, observing of New Hijra century-1400, remarked that the European revive would be go-ahead before 100 years if the Arabic numeral 1, 2. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, & 9 invented 100 years ago.
Topic: The Assistant Figure of Arithmetic “0’ (Zero)
“Al-Khwarizmi’s work on arithmetic was responsible for introducing the Arabic numerals, based on the Hindu-Arabic numeralsystem developed in Indian mathematics, to the Western world. The term "algorithm" is derived from the algorism, the technique of performing arithmetic with Hindu-Arabic numerals developed by al-Khwārizmī. Both "algorithm" and "algorism" are derived from the Latinized forms of al-Khwārizmī's name, Algoritmiand Algorismi, respectively.
The symbol of zero is graphically rounded. The earth, sun, moon, and sky even our head is round too i.e. zero i.e. destroyable.
There is no value of “0” (Zero) except 1 (One). Noted that there is no mathematical or statistical value of “Zero” (o) without 1 to 9 any figure; even no value if the ‘0’ (zero) is used “Before” (Left side of hand) 1(one). For the following example is:
“00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001”means only “1”(One). On the other hand, if it (Zero) is used “After” (Right side of hand) “1” (one); Zero (0) would be best significant and helpful in the mathematics side/sector for counting the following a largest figure i.e., million, billion, and trillion etc. figures:
1,0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000...........
Indeed, Zero, called Hindu numeral is too useful for the Arabic Numerals but not Roman Numerals. There is no easiness to use Zero in Roman numeral. For example, I0, II0, III0, but IV0 is not decentness. Noted that if the “One” (1) is expressed with in Roman numerals by 9th of letter (consonant) “I”-of English Alphabet, it is not easiness to express a big figure with using the Roman numeral “I” figure.
Without Allah-who is only One, all creation i.e. universe, that standard is zero is valueless. At first Allah then all creations are keen significant full, just like at firstly use 1 (one) and then use 0 zero-that standard is unit, tow zero
Conclusion: Since the Muslim mathematicians are basically founder of computer that’s because a Muslim should wellbeing Computer for the human. Especially Muslim scientist should come quick too positive using of computer as per as possible.
Some of his work was based on Persian and Babylonian astronomy, Indian numbers, and Greek mathematics.
A brief Moral Analysis/experiment on Binary Code
“A binary system in general is any system that allows only two choices such as a switch in an electronic system or a simple true (সত্য ) or false (মিথ্যা) test.” (Wikipedia).
Noted that, George Boole published a paper in 1847, called 'The Mathematical Analysis of Logic' that describes an algebraic system of logic and known as “Boolean Algebra. Boole’s system was based on binary, a “Yes” (affirmative) & “No” (negative). On the other hand “On” & “Off” approach that consisted of the three most basic operations: “AND”, “OR”, and “NOT”.
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How can Muslim countries revive interest in the sciences?
A 12-inch electronic wafer is displayed.
Image: REUTERS/Richard Chung
Muslim governments know that economic growth, military power, and national security benefit greatly from technological advances. Many of them have sharply increased funding for science and education in recent years. And yet, in the view of many – especially in the West – the Muslim world still seems to prefer to remain disengaged from modern science.
These skeptics are not entirely wrong. Muslim-majority countries spend, on average, less than 0.5% of their GDP on research and development, compared with five times that in the advanced economies. They also have fewer than ten scientists, engineers, and technicians per thousand residents, compared to the global average of 40 – and 140 in the developed world. And even these figures tend to understate the problem, which is less about spending money or employing researchers than about the basic quality of the science being produced.
To be sure, one should not be overly hasty in singling out Muslim countries for criticism; even in the supposedly “enlightened” West, an alarmingly high proportion of the population regards science with suspicion or fear. And yet, in many parts of the Muslim world, science faces a unique challenge; it is seen as a secular – if not atheist – Western construct.
Source: Nature
Too many Muslims have forgotten – or never learned about – the brilliant scientific contributions made by Islamic scholars a thousand years ago. They do not regard modern science as indifferent or neutral with respect to Islamic teaching. Indeed, some prominent Islamic writers have even argued that scientific disciplines such as cosmology actually undermine the Islamic belief system. According to the Muslim philosopher Osman Bakar, science comes under attack on the grounds that it “seeks to explain natural phenomena without recourse to spiritual or metaphysical causes, but rather in terms of natural or material causes alone.”
Bakar is of course entirely correct. Seeking to explain natural phenomena without recourse to metaphysics is exactly what science is about. But it is difficult to think of a better defense of it than the one offered almost exactly 1,000 years ago by the 11th-century Persian Muslim polymath Abu Rayhan al-Birūni. “It is knowledge, in general, which is pursued solely by man, and which is pursued for the sake of knowledge itself, because its acquisition is truly delightful, and is unlike the pleasures desirable from other pursuits,” al-Birūni wrote. “For the good cannot be brought forth, and evil cannot be avoided, except by knowledge.”
Fortunately, a growing number of Muslims today would agree. And, given the tension and polarization between the Islamic world and the West, it is not surprising that many feel indignant when accused of being culturally or intellectually unequipped for competitiveness in science and technology. Indeed, that is why governments across the Muslim world are increasing their R&D budgets sharply.
But throwing money at the problem is no panacea. Scientists do require adequate financing, of course, but competing globally requires more than just the latest shiny equipment. The entire infrastructure of the research environment needs to be addressed. That means not only ensuring that laboratory technicians understand how to use and maintain the equipment, but also – and far more important – nurturing the intellectual freedom, skepticism, and courage to ask heterodox questions on which scientific progress depends.
If the Muslim world is to become a center of innovation again, it is useful to recall the Islamic “golden age” that stretched from the eighth century well into the fifteenth. For example, the year 2021 will mark a millennium since the publication of Ibn al-Haytham’s Book of Optics, one of the most important texts in the history of science. Written more than 600 years before the birth of Isaac Newton, al-Haytham’s work is widely regarded as one of the earliest examples of the modern scientific method.
Among the most famous of this era’s intellectual epicenters was Baghdad’s House of Wisdom, at the time the largest repository of books in the world. Historians may bicker over whether such an academy truly existed and what function it served; but such arguments are less relevant than the symbolic power it still holds in the Islamic world.
When Gulf state leaders talk about their multi-billion-dollar visions of creating a new House of Wisdom, they are not concerned about whether the original was just a modest library that a caliph inherited from his father. They want to reanimate the spirit of free inquiry that has been lost in Islamic culture and that urgently needs to be recovered.
To achieve that, daunting challenges remain to be overcome. Many countries devote an unusually large share of research funding toward military technology, a phenomenon driven more by geopolitics and the unfolding tragedies in the Middle East than by a thirst for pure knowledge. The brightest young scientists and engineers in Syria have more pressing matters on their minds than basic research and innovation. And few in the Arab world are likely to view advances in Iranian nuclear technology with the same equanimity as developments in Malaysia’s software industry.
But it is nonetheless important to recognize how much Muslim countries could contribute to humankind by nurturing once again the spirit of curiosity that drives scientific inquiry – whether to marvel at divine creation or just to try to understand why things are the way they are. (Courtesy of https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/02/how-can-muslim-countries-revive-interest-in-the-sciences)
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